In the first half of the 20th century, one of the central axes of the opposing understandings of private international law (PIL, conflict of laws) lay in how to explain the PIL legislated in many European countries throughout the 19th century: whether PIL is merely a national law (as refined by Roberto Ago) or has certain aspects of international law (as advocated by Ernst Zitelmann). Despite the sharp contrast, these opposing understandings nevertheless shared a background of double “positivism”, which consists in both their concept of international society and their intellectual process. This background, in this sense, characterises the understandings of PIL in that period. However, there was a possibility of another concept of international society, a different intellectual process, and thus a widely different understanding of PIL, which Dionisio Anzilotti conceived in his youth. This possibility also provides a key to approaching contemporary issues in this field.

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